Alternative
Energy Development Board carried out the initial research
on bio-diesel resources in Pakistan through private sector.
There are many resources used for biodiesel production in
the world. These resources can be classified on the basis
of availability and their yield. In Pakistan these resources
mainly classified due to availability from oil crops, waste
vegetable oils and animal fats. Historically animal fats
were used in Pakistan, having been replaced by vegetable
oil due to increase in population and per capita consumption.
By studying all these aspects biodiesel resources can be
classified into following two classes. |
| • CLASS-I:
BIO-DIESEL FROM OIL SEEDS |
| • CLASS –
II: BIO-DIESEL FROM WASTE OILS |
| CATEGORIES
OF CLASS - I |
Due
to diverse ecological conditions of Pakistan, lucky to have
over a dozen oil seed crops of which it can afford to grow
one or the other in all season of the year. Depending upon
the historical cultivation and production the oil seed crops
were classified into conventional (i.e. traditional), non
traditional, industrial and wild crops. |
CATEGORY
A – CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATED OIL YIELDING CROP |
| • Rape Seeds |
| • Ground Nut |
| • Sesame Seeds |
| • Rocket seeds |
|
| CATEGORY
B – NON CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATED OIL YIELDING CROPS |
| • Sun flower |
| • Soybean |
| • Safflower |
|
| CATEGORY
C – Industries Based Crops |
| • Linseed |
| • Castor beans |
| • Cotton seeds |
|
| CATEGORY
D – Wild Plant Resources |
| • Pongame tree |
| • Olive tree |
| • Hemp oil |
| • Oat seeds |
| • Milk Thistle |
| • Carthamus seeds |
| • Jatropha |
|
TABLE-1 SHORT LISTING / SELECTION OF RESOURCES FROM CLASS
- 1
|
| S.No. |
Botanical Name |
English Name |
Local Name |
Family |
| 1 |
Pongamioa Pinnata |
Pongame |
Sukhh Chain |
Fabaceae |
| 2 |
Brassica campestris |
Mustard |
Sarson |
Brassicaceae |
| 3 |
Brassica alba |
White Mustard |
Chiti Sarson |
Brassicaceae |
| 4 |
Brassica nigra |
Black Mustard |
Kali Sarson |
Brassicaceae |
| 5 |
Brassica napus |
Canola |
Canola |
Brassicaceae |
| 6 |
Ricinus communis |
Castor Bean |
Arond |
Euphorbiaceae |
| 7 |
Helianthus annuus |
Sunflower |
Suraj Mukhi |
Asteraceae |
| 8 |
Gossypium hirsutum |
Cotton |
Kappa |
Malvaceae |
| 9 |
Jatropha curcas |
Jatropha |
Karanga |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
 |
 |
Fig
1: Castor bean and castor plant |
 |
 |
| Fig 2:
Pongamia Pinnata (Sukh Chane) |
 |
 |
| Fig 3:
Jatropha seeds and plant in Pakistan |
| AVAILABILITY
OF CLASS – II RESOURCES |
Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) can be
recycled, cleaned and reused as bio diesel. WVO
is available in large quantities from restaurants,
hotel chains, confectionaries and domestic cooking.
WVO is one of the cheaper sources for biodiesel
in developed countries, where the cooking oil is
used only once. Pakistan is basically an agricultural
country and due to diverse ecological conditions,
the population is heavily dependent on agricultural
products. For cooking purposes edible oil yielding
crops and plants are cultivated on a large scale
in the country. These edible oils are utilized in
hotels, huts, local shops and every home of Pakistan.
So these are the major sources for collection of
WVO. According to one survey, average consumption
of edible oil in Pakistan is 10 liters per month
by each family. This gives rise to an estimated
quantity of 240 million litres of WVO available
in Pakistan every year (assuming that 10% of edible
oil in Pakistan becomes waste). Estimating an 80%
yield of Bio-diesel from WVO (as supported by our
experiments), a minimum approximate quantity of
150 million liters of Bio-diesel from WVO can be
produced in Pakistan.
|
From
the marketing point of view there is a chain of dealers
for collection and further selling of WVO. Price for
1 liter of WVO from these sources may vary from Rs.
20 – 45, depending upon the quality and quantity
of WVO (some hotels etc. reuse edible oil several
times before disposing off their WVO, while others
use them once or twice). There are minor constraints
in collection of WVO, including cost constraints.
But these can be overcome by developing strategies
for coordination between dealers, stakeholders and
users of WVO. Fixing of raw material rates by the
GOP might be required, as will be subsidies on the
production and sale of Bio-diesel. |
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